![]() Shah D, Mjalli FS (2014) Effect of water on the thermo-physical properties of reline: an experimental and molecular simulation based approach. McCalman DC, Sun L, Zhang Y, Brennecke JF, Maginn EJ, Schneider WF (2015) Speciation, conductivities, diffusivities, and electrochemical reduction as a function of water content in mixtures of hydrated chromium chloride/choline chloride. Mares ML, Ciocirlan O, Cojocaru A, Anicai L (2013) Physico-chemical and electrochemical studies in choline chloride based ionic liquid analogues containing trivalent chromium chloride. Phys Chem Chem Phys 16:9047–9055įerreira ESC, Pereira CM, Silva AF (2013) Electrochemical studies of metallic chromium electrodeposition from a Cr(III) bath. Chem Eur J 10:3769–3774Ībbott AP, Al-Barzinjy AA, Abbott PD, Frish G, Harris RC, Hartley J (2014) Ryder K.S., speciation, physical and electrolytic properties of eutectic mixtures based on CrCl 3♶H 2O and urea. Electrochim Acta 54:5666–5672Ībbott AP, Capper G, Davies DL, Rasheed RK (2004) Ionic liquid analogues formed from hydrated metal salts. Protsenko V, Danilov F (2009) Kinetics and mechanism of chromium electrodeposition from formate and oxalate solutions of Cr(III) compounds. Protsenko VS, Danilov FI (2014) Chromium electroplating from trivalent chromium baths as an environmentally friendly alternative to hazardous hexavalent chromium baths: comparative study on advantages and disadvantages. J Mol Liq 204:76–83Ībbott AP, Ballantyne A, Harris RC, Juma JA, Ryder KS, Forrest G (2015) A comparative study of nickel electrodeposition using deep eutectic solvents and aqueous solutions. Ghareh Bagh FS, Shahbaz K, Mjalli FS, Hashim MA, AlNashef IM (2015) Zinc (II) chloride-based deep eutectic solvents for application as electrolytes: preparation and characterization. Trans Inst Met Finish 86:196–204Ībbott AP, El Ttaib K, Ryder KS, Smith EL (2008) Electrodeposition of nickel using eutectic based ionic liquids. ![]() Phys Chem Chem Phys 8:4265–4279Ībbott AP, Ryder KS, König U (2008) Electrofinishing of metals using eutectic based ionic liquids. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2:1063–1071Ībbott AP, McKenzie KJ (2006) Application of ionic liquids to the electrodeposition of metals. Paiva A, Craveiro R, Aroso I, Martins M, Reis RL, Duarte ARC (2014) Natural deep eutectic solvents-solvents for the twenty-first century. Wiley VCHĪbbott AP, Capper G, Davies DL, Rasheed RK, Tambyrajah V (2003) Novel solvent properties of choline chloride/urea mixtures. Chem Soc Rev 41:7108–7146Įndres F, MacFarlane D, Abbott A (2008) Electrodeposition from ionic liquids. Zhang Q, De Oliveira Vigier K, Royer S, Jérôme F (2012) Deep eutectic solvents: syntheses, properties and applications. Smith EL, Abbott AP, Ryder KS (2014) Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and their applications. ![]() A moderate viscosity and higher conductivity of the Cr(III)-containing ionic liquids with extra-water addition (at x > 9) make them suitable for the development of chromium electrodeposition processes. There is a strong linear correlation between conductivity and fluidity which indicates that the conductivity of the ionic liquid mixtures is generally controlled by the ionic mobility. The activation energies of viscous flow and conductivity diminishes with increasing water content in the liquid mixture. The variation of the average void radii correlates with the change in viscosity and conductivity. The average hole size was stated to grow with increasing both temperature and water content in the mixture. The average void radii (hole sizes) for the liquid systems under study were calculated they were in the range of 1.21 to 1.82 Å. Increasing both water content and temperature resulted in decreasing density, surface tension and viscosity and increasing electrical conductivity. The density, viscosity, surface tension and conductivity of the liquid mixtures were measured for the temperature range of 25 to 80 ☌. The effects of water addition and temperature on some physicochemical properties of room temperature ionic liquids containing chromium chloride, choline chloride and water in the molar ratio of 1:2.5: x (where x = 6, 9, 12, 15 or 18) have been studied. ![]()
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